Managing Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) can be a complex, daily challenge, but Do-It-Yourself (DIY) Automated Insulin Delivery (AID) systems provide a revolutionary approach for those seeking more control and flexibility. Unlike commercially available systems, DIY AID solutions are developed by the diabetes community, allowing individuals to integrate existing insulin pumps, continuous glucose monitors (CGMs), and open-source algorithms for customized insulin delivery. Here’s an in-depth look at the most popular DIY systems and how they differ.
What Are DIY AID Systems?
DIY AID systems automate insulin delivery by connecting CGMs and insulin pumps via community-developed algorithms. These systems are not manufactured by companies but rather built and maintained by users with technical expertise. The most notable DIY systems include OpenAPS, Loop, and AndroidAPS, each offering unique features and compatibility options.
OpenAPS
Overview:
-
- OpenAPS, or Open Artificial Pancreas System, was the first DIY AID system introduced in 2015 by Dana Lewis and Scott Leibrand.
- Designed to automate insulin delivery using older Medtronic pumps and CGMs connected via open-source software.
Compatibility:
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- Insulin Pumps: Select Medtronic pumps (e.g., 522, 722).
- CGMs: Dexcom G4/G5 or G6.
Technology:
-
- Operates on a small computer (e.g., Raspberry Pi) to process CGM data and adjust insulin delivery.
- Adjusts basal rates every 5 minutes based on glucose readings.
Ease of Use:
-
- Requires advanced technical skills, including coding and hardware assembly.
Loop
Overview:
-
- Loop is an iOS-based DIY system, popular among Apple users for its clean, user-friendly interface.
- Offers automated insulin delivery and bolus adjustments through a dedicated app.
Compatibility:
-
- Insulin Pumps: Omnipod Eros, select Medtronic pumps.
- CGMs: Dexcom G6, FreeStyle Libre (with transmitters like MiaoMiao).
Technology:
-
- Uses a RileyLink device to connect pumps and CGMs with iOS devices.
- The app allows users to input meal data, monitor glucose levels, and customize insulin settings.
Ease of Use:
-
- Moderate technical knowledge required, including the ability to set up an Apple Developer account and install the Loop app.
AndroidAPS
Overview:
-
- AndroidAPS is an Android-based system that extends OpenAPS functionality to Android devices.
- Provides more customization and compatibility compared to other DIY systems.
Compatibility:
-
- Insulin Pumps: Dana-i, Dana RS, Accu-Chek Combo, select Medtronic pumps.
- CGMs: Dexcom G6, FreeStyle Libre (with MiaoMiao or Bubble transmitters), Eversense.
Technology:
-
- Runs on an Android app that connects CGMs and pumps via Bluetooth.
- Offers advanced features for experienced users who want greater control.
Ease of Use:
-
- Requires technical knowledge to configure settings and integrate devices.
Key Differences Among DIY AID Systems
|
Aspect |
OpenAPS |
Loop |
AndroidAPS |
|
Platform |
Open-source on Raspberry Pi/Intel Edison |
iOS-based app |
Android-based app |
|
Ease of Use |
Advanced technical skills needed |
Moderate; user-friendly for iPhone users |
Flexible but requires expertise |
|
Hardware Needed |
Medtronic pumps, CGM, Raspberry Pi |
RileyLink, iPhone, CGM, pump |
Android phone, CGM, compatible pump |
|
Customizability |
Moderate |
Low |
High |
|
Device Compatibility |
Limited to older Medtronic pumps |
Omnipod Eros, select Medtronic pumps |
Wide range of modern pumps and CGMs |
|
Community Support |
Strong, with active resources |
Strong for iPhone users |
Robust and highly customizable |
Shared Features Across DIY Systems
- Automated Insulin Delivery: Adjust basal rates and deliver boluses based on CGM data and user inputs like meals or exercise.
- Customizable Targets: Users can set target glucose levels, typically between 70–180 mg/dL (3.9–10 mmol/L), with options for tighter control.
- Real-Time Monitoring: Access live CGM data and insulin adjustments through mobile or desktop platforms.
- Community Support: Online forums, resources, and documentation provide guidance for building and maintaining systems.
Pros and Cons of DIY AID Systems
Pros:
- High level of personalization and flexibility.
- Often more affordable than commercial systems.
- Robust community-driven support and resources.
Cons:
- No regulatory approval (e.g., FDA), meaning users operate systems at their own risk.
- Requires significant technical skills for setup and maintenance.
- Responsibility for troubleshooting falls entirely on the user.
Conclusion
DIY AID systems like OpenAPS, Loop, and AndroidAPS transform diabetes management by empowering individuals to take control of their care. While these systems offer significant benefits, they require a strong commitment to learning and technical setup. For those willing to invest the time, DIY AID solutions can provide customization and flexibility unmatched by commercial alternatives. If interested, start by exploring community resources and consulting with your healthcare provider to determine if a DIY system is right for you.